The fast contribution of visual-proprioceptive discrepancy to reach aftereffects and proprioceptive recalibration

Adapting reaches to altered visual feedback not only leads to motor changes, but also to shifts in perceived hand location; “proprioceptive recalibration”. These changes are robust to many task variations and can occur quite rapidly. For instance, our previous study found both motor and sensory shifts arise in as few as 6 rotated-cursor training trials. The aim of this study is to investigate one of the training signals that contribute to these rapid sensory and motor changes. We do this by removing the visuomotor error signals associated with classic visuomotor rotation training; and provide only experience with a visual-proprioceptive discrepancy for training. While a force channel constrains reach direction 30o away from the target, the cursor representing the hand unerringly moves straight to the target. The resulting visual-proprioceptive discrepancy drives significant and rapid changes in no-cursor reaches and felt hand position, again within only 6 training trials. The extent of the sensory change is unexpectedly larger following the visual-proprioceptive discrepancy training. Not surprisingly the size of the reach aftereffects is substantially smaller than following classic visuomotor rotation training. However, the time course by which both changes emerge is similar in the two training types. These results suggest that even the mere exposure to a discrepancy between felt and seen hand location is a sufficient training signal to drive robust motor and sensory plasticity.York University Librarie

Locations of serial reach targets are coded in multiple reference frames

AbstractPrevious work from our lab, and elsewhere, has demonstrated that remembered target locations are stored and updated in an eye-fixed reference frame. That is, reach errors systematically vary as a function of gaze direction relative to a remembered target location, not only when the target is viewed in the periphery (Bock, 1986, known as the retinal magnification effect), but also when the target has been foveated, and the eyes subsequently move after the target has disappeared but prior to reaching (e.g., Henriques, Klier, Smith, Lowy, & Crawford, 1998; Sorrento & Henriques, 2008; Thompson & Henriques, 2008). These gaze-dependent errors, following intervening eye movements, cannot be explained by representations whose frame is fixed to the head, body or even the world. However, it is unknown whether targets presented sequentially would all be coded relative to gaze (i.e., egocentrically/absolutely), or if they would be coded relative to the previous target (i.e., allocentrically/relatively). It might be expected that the reaching movements to two targets separated by 5° would differ by that distance. But, if gaze were to shift between the first and second reaches, would the movement amplitude between the targets differ? If the target locations are coded allocentrically (i.e., the location of the second target coded relative to the first) then the movement amplitude should be about 5°. But, if the second target is coded egocentrically (i.e., relative to current gaze direction), then the reaches to this target and the distances between the subsequent movements should vary systematically with gaze as described above. We found that requiring an intervening saccade to the opposite side of 2 briefly presented targets between reaches to them resulted in a pattern of reaching error that systematically varied as a function of the distance between current gaze and target, and led to a systematic change in the distance between the sequential reach endpoints as predicted by an egocentric frame anchored to the eye. However, the amount of change in this distance was smaller than predicted by a pure eye-fixed representation, suggesting that relative positions of the targets or allocentric coding was also used in sequential reach planning. The spatial coding and updating of sequential reach target locations seems to rely on a combined weighting of multiple reference frames, with one of them centered on the eye

De “Portugal Brand Project” a “Portugal sou eu”: ¿Qué políticas públicas para la Marca Portugal?

A globalização gera fenómenos de homogeneização e, simultaneamente, uma forte competição entre os países, o que cria uma necessidade de diferenciação entre estes, a que os governos procuram dar resposta através de políticas de marca país. Desde 1990, cada vez mais países têm promovido políticas de marca para se distinguirem dos concorrentes e aumentarem o progresso socioeconómico. O agendamento político da Marca Portugal surge em 1999, caracterizado pela difusão de ideias políticas de marca país. Mas o tema da marca país ainda carece de uma teorização sólida, emergente de estudos de caso aprofundados. Com este artigo, pretende-se contribuir para colmatar esta lacuna, analisando as medidas desenvolvidas na Marca Portugal até 2015, identificando as ideias políticas que lhes estiveram subjacentes e explicando o que resultou desta trajetória.Globalization generates homogenization and, simultaneously, a strong competition between countries, which creates a need for differentiation between them that governments seek to respond through country brand policies. Since the 1990’s, more and more countries have promoted brand policies to distinguish themselves from competitors and thus increase socio-economic progress. Portugal Brand arises in 1999 in the political agenda, characterized by the diffusion of political ideas of country brand. But the theme of the country brand still lacks a solid theorizing, emerging from in-depth case studies. With this article, we intend to contribute to fill this gap by analyzing the measures developed in the Portugal Brand until 2015, identifying the political ideas that underpinned them and explaining what resulted from this path.La globalizacion provoque des phénomènes d’homogénéisation et, en même temps, une forte concurrence entre les pays, ce qui crée un besoin de différenciation entre eux, auquel les gouvernements cherchent à répondre par des politiques de marque pays. Depuis 1990, de plus en plus de pays encouragent des politiques de marque pour se distinguer de leurs concurrents et accroître le progrès socio-économique. La Marque Portugal est apparue en 1999 sur l’agenda politique, caractérisée par la diffusion des idées politiques de la marque du pays. Mais le thème de la marque du pays a encore besoin d’une solide théorisation, émergent d’études de cas approfondies. Avec cet article, nous entendons contribuer à combler cette lacune, en analysant les mesures développées à Marca Portugal jusqu’en 2015, en identifiant les idées politiques qui les sous-tendent et en expliquant ce qui a résulté de cette trajectoire.La globalización origina fenómenos de homogeneización y, al mismo tiempo, una fuerte concurrencia entre países, lo que genera una necesidad de diferenciación entre ellos, a la que los gobiernos buscan responder a través de políticas de marca país. Desde 1990, cada vez más países han estado promoviendo políticas de marca para distinguirse de sus competidores y aumentar el progreso socioeconómico. La Marca Portugal surge en 1999 en la agenda política, caracterizada por la difusión de ideas políticas de marca país. Pero el tema de la marca país aún necesita una teorización sólida, que surja de estudios de casos en profundidad. Con este artículo pretendemos contribuir a llenar este vacío, analizando las medidas desarrolladas en Marca Portugal hasta 2015, identificando las ideas políticas que las sustentan y explicando lo que resultó de esta trayectoria

Do “Projeto Marca Portugal” ao “Portugal sou eu”: que políticas públicas para a Marca Portugal?

A globalização gera fenómenos de homogeneização e, simultaneamente, uma forte competição entre os países, o que cria uma necessidade de diferenciação entre estes, a que os governos procuram dar resposta através de políticas de marca país. Desde 1990, cada vez mais países têm promovido políticas de marca para se distinguirem dos concorrentes e aumentarem o progresso socioeconómico. O agendamento político da Marca Portugal surge em 1999, caracterizado pela difusão de ideias políticas de marca país. Mas o tema da marca país ainda carece de uma teorização sólida, emergente de estudos de caso aprofundados. Com este artigo, pretende-se contribuir para colmatar esta lacuna, analisando as medidas desenvolvidas na Marca Portugal até 2015, identificando as ideias políticas que lhes estiveram subjacentes e explicando o que resultou desta trajetória.Globalization generates homogenization and, simultaneously, a strong competition between countries, which creates a need for differentiation between them that governments seek to respond through country brand policies. Since the 1990’s, more and more countries have promoted brand policies to distinguish themselves from competitors and thus increase socio-economic progress. Portugal Brand arises in 1999 in the political agenda, characterized by the diffusion of political ideas of country brand. But the theme of the country brand still lacks a solid theorizing, emerging from in-depth case studies. With this article, we intend to contribute to fill this gap by analyzing the measures developed in the Portugal Brand until 2015, identifying the political ideas that underpinned them and explaining what resulted from this path.La globalizacion provoque des phénomènes d’homogénéisation et, en même temps, une forte concurrence entre les pays, ce qui crée un besoin de différenciation entre eux, auquel les gouvernements cherchent à répondre par des politiques de marque pays. Depuis 1990, de plus en plus de pays encouragent des politiques de marque pour se distinguer de leurs concurrents et accroître le progrès socio-économique. La Marque Portugal est apparue en 1999 sur l’agenda politique, caractérisée par la diffusion des idées politiques de la marque du pays. Mais le thème de la marque du pays a encore besoin d’une solide théorisation, émergent d’études de cas approfondies. Avec cet article, nous entendons contribuer à combler cette lacune, en analysant les mesures développées à Marca Portugal jusqu’en 2015, en identifiant les idées politiques qui les sous-tendent et en expliquant ce qui a résulté de cette trajectoire.La globalización origina fenómenos de homogeneización y, al mismo tiempo, una fuerte concurrencia entre países, lo que genera una necesidad de diferenciación entre ellos, a la que los gobiernos buscan responder a través de políticas de marca país. Desde 1990, cada vez más países han estado promoviendo políticas de marca para distinguirse de sus competidores y aumentar el progreso socioeconómico. La Marca Portugal surge en 1999 en la agenda política, caracterizada por la difusión de ideas políticas de marca país. Pero el tema de la marca país aún necesita una teorización sólida, que surja de estudios de casos en profundidad. Con este artículo pretendemos contribuir a llenar este vacío, analizando las medidas desarrolladas en Marca Portugal hasta 2015, identificando las ideas políticas que las sustentan y explicando lo que resultó de esta trayectoria

Ideias políticas, atores e instituições da marca país: estudo de caso comparativo das fases da marca Portugal (1999-2015) e através de modelo de comparabilidade internacional de fatores de sucesso

A globalização gera fenómenos de homogeneização e, simultaneamente, de forte competição entre os países. Desde os finais da década de 1990 que cada vez mais países têm promovido políticas de marca, com o objetivo de se distinguirem dos concorrentes e aumentarem o progresso sócioeconómico pela captação de investimento estrangeiro, turismo, imigração qualificada, exportações, influencia na diplomacia internacional e em organismos supranacionais, entre outras mais valias. O agendamento político da Marca Portugal surge neste contexto, em 1999, caraterizado pela difusão de ideias políticas de marca país. Mas, apesar do interesse e concretizações dos governos, e de outros agentes dos vários países, a questão da marca país ainda não dispõe de uma teoria sólida, emergente dos dados e com uma aceitação universal de conceitos, escasseando estudos de caso aprofundados e uma dinâmica de comparabilidade internacional. Com esta pesquisa, pretende-se contribuir para colmatar estas lacunas e, paralelamente, dotar os decisores (políticos) de conhecimento de suporte às futuras tomadas de decisão sobre a Marca Portugal. Através desta investigação, identificam-se e analisam-se ideias políticas, atores, instituições, constrangimentos, estratégias de mediação e recursos de poder prevalecentes em cada fase da Marca Portugal, observando o alinhamento das ideias com visões de desenvolvimento económico do País, de modo a compreender as causas e os processos subjacentes à Marca Portugal e a explicar as mudanças nas políticas de um período para o(s) seguinte(s). Integra-se também o caso português num modelo de comparabilidade internacional de fatores de (in)sucesso de marcas país.Globalization generates homogenization phenomena and, simultaneously, strong competition between countries. Since the late 1990s, more and more countries have promoted brand policies to distinguish themselves from competitors and increase socioeconomic development by attracting foreign investment, tourism, skilled immigration, exports, influencing international diplomacy and supranational bodies, among other things. The political agenda of Portugal Brand appears in this context, in 1999, characterized by the diffusion of political ideas of country brand. But, despite the interest and achievements of governments and other actors in the various countries, the country-brand issue still lacks a solid theory emerging from the data and universal acceptance of concepts, lacking in-depth case studies and a dynamic of comparability. This research intends to contribute to fill these gaps and, at the same time, to give the (political) decision makers knowledge to support future decision-making process about the portuguese Country Brand. Through this research, political ideas, actors, institutions, constraints, mediation strategies and power resources prevailing in each phase of the Portugal Brand are identified and analyzed, observing the alignment of ideas with visions of the country's economic development, to understand the causes and processes underlying the construction of the Portugal Brand and to explain the policy changes from one period to the following(s). The Portuguese case is also included in a model of international comparability of (in)success factors of country brands

Interpreting ambiguous visual information in motor learning

Previous studies have shown that learning to reach accurately with an imposed visuomotor rotation requires a remapping of the relationship between vision and motor output. In this preliminary study, we examine how the brain works out the appropriate motor adjustments, in this case for both arms, based on visual images. Specifically, we investigate how visual errors seen while adapting reaches to visual targets affect the movements of both the trained and untrained hand. In our task subjects learned to make accurate reaches to targets in four visual feedback conditions: rotated 45-, rotated 105-, reversed left to right and rotated 45-plus reversed. In all conditions the rotation was applied to the subject's feedback of their hand and not the targets. In the reversed and rotated-reversed condition, when the subject used their right hand, the feedback looked like their left hand (and vice versa). After a training period with one hand (e.g., right) subjects were tested with the opposite hand (e.g., left) on the same task. We predicted that after reaching with the right hand with reversed visual feedback the control of the left arm would also be alteredVmore so than after learning an equal-sized adjustment to right-arm reaching with a rotated, but non-reversed, view of their hand movements. Our results showed that people were able to learn the visuomotor adaptation with reversed visual feedback, but more interestingly, that learning occurred for the untrained hand as well for the reversed conditions alone. Here, vision aloneVwhen it resembles the image of the opposite handVled to improved initial performance for this opposite, untrained arm when reaching in a similar task. The brain seems to take advantage of reversed visual feedback of the arm to adjust the motor commands to the untrained arm in a way that facilitates transfer of the adaptation from one arm to the other

NEGOCIAÇÃO DE CONFLITOS COMO COMPETÊNCIA DO ENFERMEIRO

Objetivo: analisar a negociação de conflito enquanto competência profissional do enfermeiro no contexto hospitalar. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura. As ases de dados foram: PubMed, BDENF, CINAHL e LILACS no período de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: foram selecionados 17 artigos publicados. Dentre eles: 12 estudos qualitativos, 4 quantitativos e 1 estudo misto. Foram extraídas duas categorias temáticas: A negociação de conflito como competência do enfermeiro, que traz a gestão do conflito como fonte de sofrimento e a necessidade de interagir com outras competências para a efetiva gestão; e Estratégias negociadoras na resolução de conflitos, que apresenta formas de gerenciar um conflito. Conclusão: os estudos elegidos demonstraram que, no contexto hospitalar, a negociação de conflito, enquanto competência profissional do enfermeiro, é permeada pela insegurança.Descritores: Conflito. Negociação. Enfermagem. Competência Profissional. Hospitais

Biochemical and physiological parameters in rats fed with high-fat diet : the protective effect of chronic treatment with purple grape juice (bordo variety)

High-fat-diet (HFD) has been related to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Consumption of grapes and their byproducts containing phenolic compounds has been reported due to the benefits they produce for human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and protective effect of chronic intake of purple grape juice on certain biochemical and physiological changes promoted by the consumption of HFD. Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups to receive standard or HFD diet and/or conventional (CGJ) or organic grape juice (OGJ) for three months. Dietary intake, body weight gain, cardiometabolic parameters, and serum lipoperoxidation were investigated. Results showed that consumption of CGJ and OGJ changed the pattern of food and drink intake of the animals. There was a reduction in the body weight of animals that consumed grape juices and an increase in the weight gain in HFD and OGJ rats. HFD increased abdominal fat and the abdominal fat/weight ratio, and both grape juices prevented these modifications. HFD increased hepatic enzymes levels (aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)) and reduced urea. Purple grape juices prevented some of these changes. HFD enhanced lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in serum and CGJ and OGJ prevented this increase. The consumption of purple grape juice has the potential to prevent and ameliorate most of the alterations provoked by HFD, therefore regular intake of grape products could promote beneficial effects